How do I fix VAST-2.0-root-has-ad-or-error?

Add at least one ` ` child to ` `, or add a root-level ` ` element to signal no-fill.

What does the VAST error " must contain at least one or " mean?

A valid VAST response must contain at least one ` ` element or a root-level ` ` element. An empty ` ` tag is not a legal response — players will treat it as a no-fill.

VAST-2.0-root-has-ad-or-error

<VAST> must contain at least one <Ad> or <Error>

ErrorRequired fieldsIAB VAST 2.0 §2VAST 2.0 and later (all versions)

A valid VAST response must contain at least one `<Ad>` element or a root-level `<Error>` element. An empty `<VAST>` tag is not a legal response — players will treat it as a no-fill.

How to fix

Add at least one <Ad> child to <VAST>, or add a root-level <Error> element to signal no-fill.

Invalid

<VAST version="4.0">
</VAST>

Valid

<VAST version="4.0">
  <Error><![CDATA[https://track.example.com/error]]></Error>
</VAST>

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Other Required fields rules

VAST-2.0-root-elementRoot element must be <VAST>VAST-2.0-root-version<VAST> must have a version attribute VAST-2.0-root-version-valueVAST version attribute must be a recognised version string VAST-4.0-wrapper-root-error<VAST> root contains both <Ad> and <Error> elements (invalid per VAST 4.0)VAST-2.0-ad-has-inline-or-wrapperEach <Ad> must contain exactly one <InLine> or <Wrapper>VAST-2.0-inline-adsystem<InLine> must contain <AdSystem>VAST-2.0-inline-adtitle<InLine> must contain <AdTitle>VAST-2.0-inline-impression<InLine> must contain at least one <Impression>